Book Review: Contact by Carl Sagan

Contact by Carl Sagan
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

A machine orbiting a young star identifies artificial radio waves followed by television transmissions over a few decades coming from a small yellow sun, then begins transmitting a signal in return to humans on a little blue dot called Earth. Contact is the only work of fiction by Carl Sagan after converting a co-written screenplay from a stalled film that was later revived and released twelve years after the novel’s publication.

Sagan constructions a narrative about the detection of a radio signal by radio astronomers that signals to humanity that they are not alone thus changing society—with a still on-going Cold War—potentially politically and religiously. The central character of the narrative is Eleanor “Ellie” Arroway and thankful is the best formed character while several others come close to, but characterization wasn’t the best through the book which for a first novel might be as expected. However, Sagan’s narrative more than makes up for the characters as he tackles how scientists would react and coordinate while all around them politicians, religious figures, and the public deal with the news that there is life “out there”. With contacts across various disciplines, Sagan was able to construct a believable scientific element to this science fiction book while communicating it in understandable prose for your average reader. An interesting subplot is the philosophical implications to faith and religion under such circumstances that Sagan portrays in the novel, some might find it tedious or unnecessary, but I was fine with it. Overall, this was a good read.

Contact might be Carl Sagan’s only work of fiction, but it’s a good read.

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Book Review: The Aryan Myth by Leon Poliakov

 

The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist & Nationalistic Ideas in Europe by Leon; Howard Poliakov
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

The death of six million Jews between 1941 to 1945 was the result of an evolution in the enquiry into the origins of peoples and nations that began during the Middle Ages passing from theological viewpoints to scientific ones and finally—unfortunately—to political viewpoints. The Aryan Myth: The History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe by Leon Poliakov traces how this myth originated and progressed until it became so accepted as to warrant the attempted destruction of an entire people.

Poliakov’s extensive research covers the whole of the Europe from the Spain’s “tainted blood” mindset after the Reconquista, to England’s belief of their connection to ancient Israel, to France’s back and forth between their Gallic/Celtic inhabitants and Frankish/German namesakes, Russia’s multiple origin tales, and finally Germany’s use of a fourth son of Noah to create a basis for the Germanic peoples. Yet while all these origins were in someway connected with the Bible, once the Enlightenment brought criticism and skepticism into the fore these any Biblical origins were dismissed and something new had to take their place which meant 18th-century social scientists and philosophers and others had to come up answers which resulted in the beginnings of the racial hierarchies and stereotypes that became into vague and still permeate society today. Throughout the 19th century, the division of Europe into being inhabited by two races—the Aryan and Semitic—steadily evolved towards the point that led to the eventual murder of two-thirds of Europe’s Jewish population. Through 310 pages the reader is bombarded with a lot of information in rapid succession as well as Poliakov’s give context to quotes and brief information on the authors, while it is very informative there is a sense that Poliakov wanted to say more but either through original publisher or self-imposed page limit.

The Aryan Myth by Leon Poliakov reveals how through the centuries the search for national origins within different cultural prisms slowly lead towards myths of race and superiority.

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Book Review: The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine

The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

For the educated elite and free thinkers, deism was philosophical position brought to the fore through reason but was not supposed to be disseminated to the masses for the good of society. Then came Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason, which brought deistic arguments long available to the elites to the general populace in an engaging and irreverent style, thus making them appealing to his targeted readers.

Paine’s argument comes in three parts, the first of which was against revelation of scriptures as proof of God’s existence as it is hearsay—especially of that in the Christian era because it was bent to political circumstances—while God’s existence is testified to in the natural world. The second is that organized religion is corrupted by civil authorities as well as corrupting civil authorities to gain or increase its power. The third is an analysis of selected Biblical texts in the Bible (Old Testament) and New Testament to show it is not the revelation of God. While the structure of the book is somewhat haphazard due to the history of its publication, Paine begins it with his personal creed which includes the belief in one God and what he believes the religious duties of man are then declares what he is personally opposed to institutionalized religion while supporting the rights of others to believe in whatever creed they want to profess. When one reads this book, Paine’s beginning statement on his personal views of religion should be kept in mind so as not get a knee-jerk reaction to call the author an atheist like some—Theodore Roosevelt to name one—have done since this was first published. As for my view on Paine’s arguments, some are easy to agree with like the history of cooperation of civil and religious authorities to prop up one another, my personal belief in the separation of church and state so to keep each from being tainted by the other. While I agree that God’s existence is revealed in nature, it’s Paine’s arguments that revelation as seen in scripture and his proofs that I critique the hardest. Mainly as he went through several texts, out of context in many cases, I could come up with texts in other locations that completely contradict his supposition of what the highlighted text said. And given that it was most of Paine’s argument, it was no doubt better debated at the time of publication and due to space and time I do not have time to write a pamphlet in response to Paine’s mistakes. Beyond the contents of the book itself, this is a concise though thorough argument for 18th-century British deistic thought as well as the anti-clericalism inspired by the French Revolution that began to influence political thought from then to now.

The Age of Reason is Thomas Paine’s argument to general public against organized religion in favor of the deistic beliefs that had long been developed and accepted among the elites who Paine believed propped up corrupt religious organizations to keep the common man from obtaining his full rights as a free man.

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Book Review: The Master and Margarita by Mikhael Bulgakov

The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

What happens when the Devil and his fiendish retinue arrive in an atheistic worker’s paradise and anyone who gets in their way? The Master and Margarita by Mikhael Bulgakov is a magical realism novel that takes mid-1930s Soviet culture to task along with his commentary in his own experience as a writer during that era.

The fact that Bulgakov never technically finished the book to his satisfaction before his death and yet it’s a fantastic read is incredible. The fact that the Devil goes to Moscow, challenges the religious beliefs of the populace or lack thereof, and judges their behavior is a perfect satire by the Soviet author against the official atheistic stance that supposedly prevailed in the nation at that time is pure satire. The Devil’s actions, under the pseudonym of Dr. Woland, and that of his retinue cause various levels of mischief that sometimes reaches malevolence from sudden trips to Crimean resort towns, finding yourself possessing illegal foreign currency, getting decapitated then having your head reattached, and finally dying in over the top ways. The fact that the titular characters are only in essentially half the novel and it being the second half is a great bait-and-switch as I didn’t mind falling the misadventures of the retinue, especially Behemoth. While I call this magical realism, it could also be a satirical dark comedy with supernatural elements, or an out-of-left field meditation of Christian philosophy, or anything else one can think of, regardless of the genre it’s a good read.

The Master and Margarita is one of the greatest works from the Soviet era and given how Mikhael Bulgakov was treated throughout his life during the Stalinist era, it just shows the sometimes surreal whims of Soviet authorities.

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Book Review: The Seekers by Daniel J. Boorstin

The Seekers: The Story of Man's Continuing Quest to Understand His World Knowledge Trilogy by Daniel J. Boorstin
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

Discoveries, inventions, and creations are a defining part of Western culture, just as important as the material elements are the religious and philosophical ideas, thoughts, and questions. The Seekers by Daniel J. Boorstin is a chronicle of Western culture’s search for the answer to the question “why?” over the millennia and how it influenced Western culture itself.

In a little over 300 pages Boorstin writes and connects 41 mini essays covering the lives, ideas, and impact of seekers from ancient times to the modern. The book is divided into three epochs, the first of which was Ancient Heritage covering the prophets of the Old Testament, the philosophical trinity—Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle—of Ancient Greece, and finally the merger of the two in Christianity. Communal Search was the second as it covered how history was written for communities first in epics following the struggles of heroes then transitioning to the course of events as seen in Herodotus and Thucydides, then how in the context of their society’s seekers look to define the individual within a community. Finally, the Paths to the Future covers the abandonment of the empowerment of the individual to the masses who follow an ideology that eventually led to the abandonment of the state to find answers in culture or in existentialism or in the solace of diversity and eventually to looking past the finite to the infinite in processes of evolution or figuring out scientific universal laws. Unlike the previous two volumes of Boorstin’s “Knowledge” series, the West is specified from the beginning thus not promising or giving a false impression that he’ll cover viewpoints from other cultures. Also in this volume, Boorstin speaks out about certain things especially ideology, the belief that the ideas expressed were true because they could be “proven” leading to not only the lose of influence of the individual but also the meaning of being an individual, which proved the basis for the rise of the totalitarian regimes found at both extremes of the political spectrum. As an introduction or get a summary of the cultural history of Western religious and philosophical thought, Boorstin’s book is a great place to start or read but this shouldn’t be mistaken for an authoritative look into it.

The Seekers is the final volume of Daniel Boorstin’s “Knowledge” series, the shortest of the series but the one that invites the reader to explore further the ideas and thoughts that were shaped by and did shape Western culture.

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Book Review: How to Study Prophecy by Shawn Boonstra

How to Study Prophecy: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Biblical Prophecy by Shawn Boonstra
My rating: 1 of 5 stars

The allusion, images, and symbols are important in prophecy, which means understanding them is important for us when studying those prophecies. How to Study Bible Prophecy is the supplemental book of the Adult Sabbath School Bible Study (2nd Quarter 2025) by Shawn Boonstra is meant to cover the art of prophetic interpretation and how prophecy has been understood through time. Unfortunately, Boonstra in both this book and the Adult Sabbath School Quarterly lessons alike failed to realize his audience, which were church going Seventh-day Adventists not the atheists, agnostics, and former Adventists his ministry has been targeting for years. Of 13 chapters over the course of the 128 pages, only the last four read like they were on point to what the book was meant to cover and the intended audience. That doesn’t mean the rest of the book is bad, Boonstra shares some interesting personal anecdotes but those only go so far. Honestly, this supplemental book is the least on point one I’ve read and while I give partial blame to Boonstra the other part must go to Adult Sabbath School Quarterly editor Clifford Goldstein who didn’t remind Boonstra who his audience was.

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Book Review: The Kinderhook Creature and Beyond: A Personal Reminiscence by Bruce G. Hallenbeck

The Kinderhook Creature and Beyond: A Personal Reminiscence by Bruce G. Hallenbeck
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

The town of Kinderhook, New York is where The Legend of Sleepy Hollow was born, it turns out that Washington Irving’s Headless Horseman isn’t the only supernatural or mysterious local in the area. The Kinderhook Creature and Beyond: A Personal Reminiscence by Bruce G. Hallenbeck details the unusual phenomena that his hometown, his family, and himself experience in a very interesting start to the 1980s.

The term “high strangeness” truly applies to the incidents and events that Hallenbeck relates from his life, that of his family, and from others who have contacted him over the years but specially during the early 1980s. The first half of the book covers such unique phenomena as ghosts, supernatural entities like fairies or something similar, and UFOs all happening in the Hudson River valley but several on Hallenbeck’s family property that he and or members of his family encountered or witnessed. But Hallenbeck also relates similar incidents that have been reported to him over the years as he investigates all types of strange occurrences over the decades. The second half of the book concentrates on the sightings and vocalizations of sasquatch that locals began calling the ‘Kinderhook Creature’ even though several times more than one was witnessed at the same time. Hallenbeck himself never saw ‘the creature’, however his grandmother and cousin had multiple encounters which both wished they had never had. During the peak years of the creature’s time in the area numerous people outside of Hallenbeck’s family had their own incidents which eventually came Hallenbeck’s way, adding to his collection of everything he could find to figure out what was going on. Overall, this 180-page book is an easy-to-read account of the strange 1980s in a small town in New York state.

The Kinderhook Creature and Beyond: A Person Reminiscence relates strange times in the 1980s in not only Kinderhook, New York but all along the Hudson River valley mostly from the personal recollections of Bruce G. Hallenbeck along with reports from his family and complete strangers.

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Book Review: Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie

Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie
My rating: 5 of 5 stars

It is one of mysteries greatest cases from one of, if not the, greatest writers of the genre and it’s been adapted numerous times in film, television, and other genres. Murder on the Orient Express is one of Agatha Christie’s best-known Hercule Poirot mystery novels with a compelling crime on a passenger train stuck in a snowstorm in Yugoslavia that looks to be connected to a dark crime in the United States and a dozen suspects that keep readers guessing until the end.

After solving a mystery in French colonial Syria for the military there, Poirot hears news of a ongoing case in England he quickly arranges a spot on the next coach to Calais thanks to his friend the direction of the passenger train company. Once on board, Poirot notes the number of passengers and their various origins. The next day one of them is murdered while the train is stopped thanks to a snowdrift, Poirot is asked to investigate the crime as the Yugoslav police don’t put officers on trains. This is the setup as the Poirot looks to find the answer, which thanks to the cultural zeitgeist I was spoiled to the ending a long time ago but a part of the joy of reading mysteries is figuring out how the protagonist figures it out based on the clues the author gives. After finishing the book, I can see why it is just a classic in the mystery genre and a page-turner to boot. Unlike the previous Poirot novel that I read, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, this was written in the third-person and I enjoyed seeing more Poirot as a character. Frankly a great read and just shows I need to read some of Poirot in the future.

Murder on the Orient Express is one of, if not the, most famous of Hercule Poirot’s cases and just shows why Agatha Christie is seen as the “Queen of Mystery”. A great read from beginning to end.

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Book Review: Ordeal of the Union, Volume Two: A House Dividing, 1852-1857 by Allan Nevins

Ordeal of the Union, Vol 2: A House Dividing, 1852-57 by Allan Nevins
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

Compromise in politics is not clean, nobody gets a 100% of what they want but to get some what they do and to keep peace they’re willing to endure something they dislike, but when one side decides to betray the other…hell hath no fury. Ordeal of the Union, Volume Two: A House Dividing, 1852-1857 is the second of Allan Nevins’ eight volume series on the lead to and history of the American Civil War with the focus on how a compromise to keep the peace was undermined by one of its architects and how all concerned reacted.

Nevins begins the volume by introducing the factor that he believed upset the hard fought and crafted Compromise of 1850 between North and South, Franklin Pierce. A dark horse candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1852 that benefited from being seen as the candidate that supported “the Compromise” only to show his fickleness and weakness by appointing those on either side of the anti-Compromise North and South into his administration thus sowing the seeds of discord. With a weak President potentially causing a rift in the party along with various economic factors at stake, Stephen Douglas brought further the Kansas-Nebraska Bill which shattered the Compromise he helped pass, destroy the Whig Party while dividing the Democratic and bringing furth the Republicans, and causing bloodshed on the plains of Kansas. Nevins shows how a weak man, another in a line of such men to occupy the White House, allowed the nation to literally begin killing over the future of slavery in the nation just a few years after it appeared everyone had peacefully agreed on a ‘final’ settlement. But while the domestic situation was tearing a part, internationally the United States looked incompetent as its ambassadors in Europe made fools of themselves while private citizens waged wars of conquest in various Latin American nations. Over the course of one Presidential term, the nation went from peaceful to threatening to tear itself apart when the election of 1856 saw the nation decide upon the one candidate that looked like he would bring peace and unity back to the nation, James Buchanan, surely things would be looking up.

Ordeal of the Union, Volume Two reveals how the United States unraveled so quickly towards civil war thanks to the poor judgment of one individual compounded by another. Allan Nevins explores not only the political, but the economic and cultural situations in both North and South which revealed shows the two halves of the nation apparently becoming two, as if a clash was becoming unavoidable.

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Book Review: Asylum by Una McCormack

Asylum by Una McCormack
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

The Federation is going to have trade negotiations with Chionians scheduled to be on board the Enterprise, however it turns out the Chionians have internal divisions that will make things difficult not only for negotiations but for First Officer Una Chin-Riley. Asylum by Una McCormack is the second book featuring the characters from Star Trek: Strange New Worlds in the novelizations surrounding one of the latest Star Trek television series.

Taking place after the events the second season episode, “Ad Astra per Aspera”—and maybe “Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow” as well—the book follows Lt. Commander “Number One” Una Chin-Riley in present-day and in her senior year at the academy, the Chionian ambassador Linchar, and two Euxhana in flashbacks. The story is basic for the franchise with the Federation having negotiations with what turns out to be the dominate ethnicity of a planet that is suppressing the minority’s cultural heritage and one of the main characters has interacted with said minority in their past, then said minority appears to be doing things to disrupt the talks. Overall, it was well written, adds depth to several of the main characters of the series—Number One, Christopher Pike, and Pelia—while also creating some good secondary characters. However there were some pet peeves I couldn’t get over, the first was Number One as a senior at the Academy making a commitment to help support a refugee family only to back out when it hurts her studies even though she has a full schedule and already doing extracurricular activities when there was no way a senior about to graduate and officially join Starfleet would have made this mistake at this point in their life. The second was inferring that Pike and tangentially Number One inspired Pelia to create the Kobayashi Maru test at the Academy, I mean why? Not everything in the lore needs to be explained as having been created by events in a prequel or by a character in said prequel, sometimes it can be created by a nobody and never revealed as to the reason. While those two things annoyed me, it didn’t take away from my enjoyment of the book so if you’re a fan of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds and want to get into the novelizations this is recommended.

Asylum is a good example of media tie-in novels, Una McCormack nails the present-day voices of the characters, and the overall story reads like a good episode.

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Book Review: Rights of Man by Thomas Paine

Rights of Man by Thomas Paine
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

The French Revolution brought about various reactions across the Channel in Britain, especially after the war in America however the split between English supporters of the American cause in-between supporters and reactionaries against the French Revolution brought about one of the most famous counterrevolution pamphlets of all time and then came the response. Rights of Man by Thomas Paine is a series of essays first to counter Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France and then to propose reforms of the English government.

The first part of the book directly answers Burke’s counter-revolution argument with Paine positing that popular revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. The defense of the French Revolution is expertly done by Paine then he highlights and counters what he perceives to be the weakness of Burke’s argument of hereditary wisdom by the assertion—with examples—of how wisdom does not translate from one generation to another in a monarchy so how could it do so in a whole class. The second part of Paine’s book, which was published a year later than the first, is where the essays start deviating from the defending the French Revolution which was the premise to reforming the English government. While some of Paine’s thoughts and ideas are good, his delving into tax policy and the like it’ll made me wonder why I’m reading Wealth of Nations again. Admittedly I didn’t read Burke’s Reflections before reading Paine, a major oversight, but given that Paine awaited Burke’s response while dismissing lesser writers’ efforts to counter his initial publication—during the time between Parts 1 and 2—I will assume that Paine accurately portrayed Burke’s thesis. Given this assumption, Part 1 is a well written rebuttal to Burke and good defense of the ideals of the early French Revolution. However, the second half of the book and its essays touching on a wide range of subjects that Paine attempts to connect with his theme in an effort to advocate a reform to English system of government to be more like the American republican and French constitutional monarchy forms that the late 18th Century Revolutions had produced to that point, is where things feel scattered and the thrust of Paine’s arguments slacken. Yet, one can’t deny Paine’s way with words especially in defense of causes he believes in.

Rights of Man by Thomas Paine is a defense of the ideals of the early French Revolution against counter-revolutionary arguments by reactionary aristocratic defenders of the “status quo”, when focused it’s very good reading.

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Book Review: Star Wars Adventures, Volume 3: Endangered by Delilah S. Dawson & Sholly Fisch

Star Wars Adventures, Vol. 3: Endangered by Delilah S. Dawson
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

Star Wars Adventures, Volume 3: Endangered combines three issues of the comic that featured main stories focused on Rose Tico from The Last Jedi and the crew of the Ghost from Star Wars Rebels. “Rose Knows” is fine for what it is, and Ros is portrayed better than how Rian Johnson writes her in the film. The titular story of the volume features the crew of the Ghost on a mission to save a rare bird from being taken to the Emperor’s menagerie for a planet that view it necessary for things to grow. Having seen a few episodes of Star Wars Rebels, “Endangered” reads like what I imagine a script for the show would be and the art appears to be accurate as well, a surprise given the all-ages demographic. The are three Tales from Wild Space that features a young Anakin Skywalker in “Podracer’s Rescue, Nien Numb in “Look Before You Leap”, and a young Jawa in “Gonk!”. While all three short stories were at least good, I’ll admit I purchased this for “Gonk!” written and drawn by Otis Frampton who had drawn random Jawa images and unofficial little comic strips for years prior to getting this opportunity to do a short story that would appear under the official Star Wars banner. Overall, it’s a nice little volume of stories set in the galaxy far far away.

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Book Review: Neuromancer by William Gibson

Neuromancer by William Gibson
My rating: 2 of 5 stars

In the future the line between humanity and machine is getting blurred thanks to cybernetic implants that allow people to enter cyberspace for both positive and nefarious activities then there is artificial intelligence that at any moment could go from machine to human. Neuromancer by William Gibson was a science fiction classic from its publication that became the go to example of the cyberpunk subgenre.

I’m not a picky reader and I’m willing to follow any character whether good or bad or doing very nefarious things to others or having deplorable personal habits, and with caveat I can say the main character of Case was frankly boring as hell. In fact, no character was interesting save Molly even though she was seen from Case perspective and frankly I wish she would have been the main character even though she didn’t enter cyberspace. Honestly, I didn’t understand Gibson’s vision of cyberspace until the latter half of the book when Case was in it a lot and it got easier to figure out. So it can be no surprise that I really didn’t get into the book until roughly two-thirds of the way through when things were building up to the climax that in the end was meh. Maybe if I had read this book closer to when it was published it might have been more impactful but given the slow start then the rapid climb in anticipation to an indifferent ending I don’t understand the hype for the book.

Neuromancer made the cyberpunk subgenre and William Gibson a major science fiction author, however to me I don’t understand the hype for the book.

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Book Review: The Creators by Daniel J. Boorstin

The Creators: A History of Heroes of the Imagination by Daniel J. Boorstin
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

Aesthetic and intellectual innovations from great art to great architectural to philosophy have been a major part of the shaping of Western culture, but they didn’t appear out of nowhere and we have people thank for them. The Creators by Daniel J. Boorstin is a historic tale of the individuals that innovated in the styles of art, architecture, literature, music, and more from Vedic India to the 20th Century.

Boorstin over the course of almost 750 pages covers the development of various cultural aspects that have grown and evolved over the course of Western civilization. When possible, individuals are highlighted in biographical sketches as well as their contribution to the subject being discussed, though whenever the origins of the beginning of are murky or more communal in nature before individuals began to impact them Boorstin ready provides the information as such. Yet this approach of highlighting the Western tradition over the rest of the world through either ignoring it or simply writing off the rest of the world as disingenuous—his covering the Japanese long use of wood for architecture didn’t factor into the reality of how many earthquakes the nation dealt with and how quickly rebuilding homes were put back up with wood in comparison to stone. Also, some of Boorstin’s information was incorrect and he overlooked individual’s negative aspects in almost making them myths to illuminate. While some might believe Boorstin is being subjective in what he included, given wide range of time and the cultural aspects involved not everything could be included and so some selection is required in which an author’s personal preference will undoubtedly play a big role since they are writing the book. Overall, the volume is informative for someone looking for a general cultural history of the West, but if you want something more authoritative then this wouldn’t be the book.

The Creators is the middle volume of a trilogy by Daniel Boorstin on “Knowledge”, a hefty book that covers the development and evolution of Western cultural history.

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Book Review: Ordeal of the Union, Volume: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852 by Allan Nevins

Ordeal of the Union, Vol 1: Fruits of Manifest Destiny 1847-52 by Allan Nevins
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

The aftermath of a unpopular though very successful war suddenly put two sections of the victors against one another in arguments so serious that it could cause civil war, this is the United States after the Mexican-American War. Ordeal of the Union, Volume One: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852 is the first of Allan Nevins’ eight volume series on the lead up to and of the American Civil War with the focus being on the search for a compromise.

This book featured Nevins revealing to the reader various themes that interact with one another politically, economically, socially, and culturally. Nevins political analysis focused on how weak executives (Polk successful in war but unable to control the fallout of victory, Taylor unable to work with others, and Fillmore an accidental President) and a House of Representatives in chaos demanded the Senate to come up with a compromise to prevent the unraveling the country. Nevins looked how each section of the country—North and South—viewed slavery and treated African Americans along with how the two were economically situated in the early 1850s. Throughout the book, it became clear that many Southerners who preached secession were lying to themselves about the prospects of an independent South and given the 1947 publication date, this was definitely not a “Lost Cause” book. Now that I have brought up when this book came out, there is some word usage that today wouldn’t be used obviously and while it doesn’t need a “trigger warning” one needs to be mindful that different eras had different conventions. Overall, Fruits of Manifest Destiny was a fitting title as Nevins revealed the sweet richness of the new territory acquired from Mexico but the bitterness of the sectional divide that it caused while comparing and contrasting the two sections verbally battling on how to politically and economically organize it.

Ordeal of the Union, Volume One vividly portrays the political tumult of the aftermath of the war with Mexico and Allan Nevins describes it wonderfully while also giving the reader an in-depth overviews of each section of the nation at the beginning of the 1850s.

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Book Review: The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Christie

The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Christie
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

The town of King’s Abbot loose two of important members of the community in the space of a day, but only one is a murder though it has a connection to the other death which relates to another earlier death. The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Christie is the fourth book of her mystery series featuring Belgian detective Hercule Poirot, whose retirement in King’s Abott is abruptly ended by the murder of his acquaintance Roger Ackroyd.

Christie is rightfully considered one of best writers of the mystery genre and this book that “breaks all the rules” is one of the reasons why. I knew coming into this book that there was a twist, and it wasn’t until 90 pages left in the book that I realized what the twist was, looking back the main clue stood out and I should have realized it earlier since I already knew the conventional detective tropes would be turned on its head. As for the overall story, I enjoyed it, and I loved my first reading of Hercule Poirot (I imagined him speaking as portrayed by David Suchet) making interested in other books featuring him. This is my second Christie book—And Then There Where None—and I’ve enjoyed both very much which means that I’ll be exploring Agatha Christie more in the future.

The Murder of Roger Ackroyd could be said to subvert tropes while also creating a trope, but however you classify it Agatha Christie wrote a great novel with a fascinating set up and interesting character in Hercule Poirot.

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Book Review: The Nation Comes of Age by Page Smith

The Nation Comes of Age: A People's History of the Ante-Bellum Years by Page Smith
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

With the Founders fading into history, a new generation of leadership took the helm of the United States, but they faced a problem they didn’t want to deal with and in the end, it would create the nation’s greatest crisis. The Nation Comes of Age: A People’s History of the Ante-Bellum Years is the fourth volume of Page Smith’s A People’s History series follows the deaths of Jefferson and Admas focusing on the expansion of the nation and how it resulted in the idea of the Union to grow in appreciation even as the morality of slavery increasing turned the North and South against one another until open war begins.

In the previous volume Smith introduced his view of the United States as schizophrenic in viewing itself against reality then extended it from how one section of the nation looked at the country against the vision of the other. This social-political schizophrenia during the 35 years covered in the book was centered on one issue, slavery which as I stated above quickly became a moral issue thanks to those reformers who abhorred it much to the surprise of Southerners who in their heart of hearts agreed. This wasn’t a completely political and military (Mexican-American War) only history, Smith takes over half the book to look at various social history elements from the status of women to culture (art, literature, etc.) to the reform movements and finally abolitionism; he also covered the exploration by Americans of the interior West and finding routes to the Pacific West following the adventures of such men like Jedediah Smith, Kit Carson, and John Fremont while following on their heels were settlers whose on experiences were covered as well. While Smith follows a lot of political figures, he ends the volume describing the rise of Abraham Lincoln and setting up the coming bloody crisis that would scare the nation. Overall this 1200+ page book covers a lot of things that happened in the United States over the course of 35 years even as Smith spread his narrative to give a very comprehensive he was focused on what everything was leading to and how everything shaped the coming conflagration.

The Nation Comes of Age is the critical volume in Page Smith’s history of the United States, the use of primary sources of ordinary people to help tell the story of the nation during these critical 35 years brings it alive and informs the reader with new facets of American history they might have not known fully before.

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Book Review: Lore Olympus Volume Five by Rachel Smythe

Lore Olympus: Volume Five by Rachel Smythe
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

A relationship is ending, a relationship is beginning, a secret revealed to the audience, and it’s revealed to someone who is furious that the event happened and was hidden from him, oh and the female protagonist disappears. Lore Olympus Volume Five by Rachel Smythe finds Hades and Persephone begin a relationship after the former breaks up with Minthe but things get complicated when we learn how Kore became Persephone.

Covering episodes #103-126 of her webcomic, Smythe zeros in on Persephone’s backstory both from a brief glimpse from her point-of-view but other investigating her life before Olympus. However, the two protagonists don’t take a backseat as Hades attempts to figure out how to deal with his feelings and Persephone tries to continue to figure out things, Smythe’s continual work on deepening the characters really pays off in this volume because as the two most important characters gain layers it allows secondary characters to get more layers as well strengthening the overall piece. Once again Smythe’s artwork and choices to denote the different types of immortals—nymphs, gods, Olympians, Titans—makes the worldbuilding better and the colorizing choices allow the reader to realize something is up when a character’s shading darkness or lightens or completely changes for a few panels. Unlike the last volume, this one—though honestly, I was reading it on and off for a month—resonated better. I can’t tell you the reason why because frankly I don’t know why I had the issue with Volume Four, but things clicked for me in this one better maybe more things happening allowed me to appreciate the two protagonist’s struggles more because I knew other things were going actively without them knowing about it.

Lore Olympus Volume Five by Rachel Smythe continues with compelling characters, expanding the narrative out but keeping it from bloating, and great artwork. To say the least the way the volume’s ending has me interested in what is next.

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Book Review: The Book of Job by Richardo Graham

The Book of Job by Ricardo Graham
My rating: 5 of 5 stars

The story of his suffering and wondering why has fascinated believers of both Judaism and Christianity, but Job’s struggle to understand is only one of many that is touched up in the oldest book of the Bible. The Book of Job is the supplementary book of the Adult Sabbath School Bible Study (4th Quarter 2016) by Richardo Graham covers the major themes of he believes it is important to bring out over the course of 14 chapters. Covering 117 pages, Graham goes over several themes that come to mind when one talks about the Book of Job: Why God allows bad things to happen to good people, God and human suffering, and is suffering the result of sin (i.e. retributive punishment)? But Graham also covers such Adventist topics as the Great Controversy and making connections between Jesus and Job not only in their innocent suffering but also if Job knew his Redeemer. The one thing I disagreed with Graham on was his characterization of Elihu, which given how God handles Job’s other friends at the end of the Book of Job seems to contradict Graham’s thought. However this minor quibble doesn’t mean this isn’t a great book overall.

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Book Review: The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy

The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

Twins long separated after the death of a cousin and a family scandal reunite, but the sorrow doesn’t go away. The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy, retells the childhood experience of a set of twins in which seemingly insignificant things shape behavior in unexpected ways in the backdrop of postcolonial India and the lingering effects of casteism.

Roy’s debut novel relates events in 1969 and 1993, with backstories for each, in a disjointed narrative that while taking a little bit getting use to overall didn’t hurt my understanding of events as many times they were explained before we saw them unfold. The antagonist, or the character who is the most villainously influential in conjunction with the societal norms that negatively impact the two protagonists, is hard to miss because of how ugly she is though seen through the eyes of one of the traumatized twins turned adults it could be influencing the description of said individual. There is sexual situations that run the gambit of healthy to bad, very bad which could be off-putting to some readers and frankly when I read the one of them I wish I hadn’t even though I knew a head of time it would be alluded to but didn’t know I actually read it as it happened. Overall, I’m a bit conflicted about the book, I appreciate that Roy showed the societal conflicts of postcolonial India, the characters were interesting, but some of the situations that “we see” I somewhat wish we were told instead. To me personally this is a one-time read, but this is not a book I would re-read.

The God of Small Things looks into how a culture tries to keep its traditions in a time of increasing globalization through the eyes of children and their grown up selves recounting how what appeared as insignificant things impacted their lives dramatically one awful night.

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Book Review: The Federalist by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

The Federalist Or, the New Constitution by Alexander Hamilton
My rating: 5 of 5 stars

The United States was in dire need of a form of government that worked better than the Articles of Confederation, in the summer of 1787 a convention in Philadelphia produced what would become the Constitution of the United States but its ratification wasn’t guaranteed especially by the most important states in the Union. The Federalist is a collection of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to convince the citizens of New York to support the ratification of the Constitution that also explained for the historical record what two of its framers believed how the government it created would work and why.

The essays making of The Federalist are a look into both political theory, as three men expound how the proposed government would work in practice and refute allegations against it, and also political history as with two of the Constitution’s Framers and another prominent Founding Father defending it we see how important in the time and day they believed this document was. This is the culmination of almost a quarter century of political writing since the start of the tax dispute with Britain in which the arguments of political thinkers Locke and Montesquieu were prominent as they were within the writings of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. There are several famous essays known by their numbers (#10, 14, 39, 51, 70, and 78) that become the standards of American political thought to this day. While students of political history and readers of political theory read The Federalist to understand the arguments for the Constitution and to glimpse the thinking that lay behind the document, was it’s intended purpose successful? While New York ratified the Constitution, it was the last of the big four and the overall eleventh state to do so, the Constitution was operational, and the state convention was packed with opponents but being left out of the new government was too much to handle. It could be argued that the essays didn’t sway New York, political reality did, but why is this collection famous? Hamilton and Madison, two young men instrumental in getting the Constitutional Convention called, attended and debated, and then influenced the new government they created over the course of the next quarter century.

The Federalist is a collection of 85 essays planned out to show the need for and defend the Constitution sent to the 13 states to be ratified and create a new government. Written by three prominent Founding Fathers, these essays are in the words of history Richard B. Morris, “a classic in political science unsurpassed in both breadth and depth by the product of any later American writer.”

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Book Review: Jeremiah by Timothy Joseph Golden

Jeremiah by Timothy Joseph Golden
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

The long career of Jeremiah was not a fun, rewarding experience for the prophet born into a line of priests, but one of profound personal sadness, humiliation, the constant threat of death and more. Jeremiah: The Prophet of Crisis is the supplemental book of the Adult Sabbath School Bible Study (4th Quarter 2015) by Timothy Joseph Golden covers Jeremiah’s prophetic career of warning Judah of the coming divine punishment and how his life mirrors that of Christ in several areas. In 143 pages Golden covers the career and book of Jeremiah that space allows, bringing out important lessons that we today can learn from while also covering the history of the last five kings of Judah before the Babylonian Captivity. This was the first supplemental book that referred to the contents of the weekly lesson in the quarterly and not having a copy means I couldn’t get background—however given I this book is almost 10 years old mean it couldn’t be helped—but regardless the chapters were still good reads. Overall this is was a good read.

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Book Review: The Discoverers by Daniel Boorstin

The Discoverers: A History of Man's Search to Know His World and Himself by Daniel J. Boorstin
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

Today in our interconnected global community we take for granted how much we know about the world around us, but not so long ago every aspect of our modern world would have been considered fantasy but through individuals who expanded the knowledge of their time our world was made. The Discoverers by Daniel Boorstin is a historic tale of individuals that pushed the boundaries of human discoveries in the physical realm and more theoretical ones.

Boorstin begins his book with how the calendar came about and finished with how the atom went from concept to fact and in between he covered how time got measured, how the earth was measured then fully mapped out, how plants and animals were classified, and finally how everything about man from the inside out and his creation of science shaped himself and the world. In almost 700 pages Boorstin explores how individuals—all men to be honest—built on the work of others even if it meant they undercut that had come before to revealing something new and unknown, even if it went up against “the establishment” whether that meant the academic consensus or the all-powerful Church, with each segment focusing on a different avenue for discoveries near seamlessly transitioning from one to another. Boorstin’s focus is on the West, he does give China a spotlight early one though to show a cultural contrast, and one needs to come into the book with full knowledge that it will be European-focused.

The Discoverers is the first of a trilogy series by Daniel Boorstin on “Knowledge”, a hefty book that covers a wide range of human adventures into their world.

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Book Review: Lore Olympus Volume Four by Rachel Smythe

Lore Olympus: Volume Four by Rachel Smythe
My rating: 3 of 5 stars

The complicated relationship between the goddess of spring and the king of the underworld has entered its fourth day and not only are the two protagonists that are having trouble, but it also seems all of Olympus is starting to have issues. Lore Olympus Volume Four by Rachel Smythe finds Hades and Persephone attempting to navigate their various feelings, traumas, and daily tasks while also figuring out whatever is happening between them.

Covering episodes #76-102 of her webcomic, Smythe begins developing the backstories for both Hades and Persephone while also expanding the roster of Greek gods in her retelling of the ancient mythos. However, this doesn’t stop the progression of both main character’s ongoing “present-day” stories and how they are dealing with the increasingly annoying gossip mill building around them amongst the citizens of Olympus as well as their family members and friends. Smythe continues to build the subplots that are expanding and filling out Olympus giving the world more depth. The artwork continues to be excellent and engaging, which given the format of the media is a must. However, for some reason while I enjoyed the filling in of the main characters’ backstory, the introduction of more gods, and the slow building of other subplots there was something this entire volume that just wasn’t clicking with me and I don’t know what exactly.

Lore Olympus Volume Four by Rachel Smythe continues storytelling whose quality I’ve enjoyed up to this point, however for everything I liked while reading there was just something that wasn’t clicking with me the entire book.

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Book Review: The Shaping of America by Page Smith

The Shaping of America: A People's History of the Young Republic by Page Smith
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

The struggle against the political encroachment of Britain and the ensuing military struggle led to independence, but now the real problems began how to follow up. The Shaping of America: A People’s History of the Young Republic is the third volume of Page Smith’s A People’s History series going over the history of the United States with this volume covering the aftermath of the 1783 Treaty of Paris to the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in 1826.

Smith viewed the young nation caught between two intellectual consciousnesses—the Classical-Christian of the Revolutionary generation, whose last gasp brought about the Constitution, and the Secular-Democratic inspired by the Enlightenment in the generation that followed the Founders, though ironically led by a few of the Founders. Though Secular-Democratic thought came out on top, it was deeply influenced by the intellectual viewpoint it had replaced especially as the international scene saw the resurgence of absolute monarchism in the aftermath of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Though politically the Secular-Democratic intellectual view was victorious, socially the Protestant Christian emphasis on redeeming the world was a major thread in the American tapestry and eventually come up against the issue that the Founders and the next generation didn’t want to confront, black slavery. As Smith ended this volume, he highlighted the growing cloud that slavery was becoming for those in the North and South while the “original” West was beginning to pick sides. But once again I found Smith’s facts about Native American tribes inaccurate in some instances that I was shaking my head, and I don’t know much about that subject which speaks volumes. Overall, this was a well-written and fascinating look at the history of the young republic, while Smith’s analysis or chosen themes might not be for everyone but that is the point as it reveals the uncomfortable facts that need to be addressed.

The Shaping of America follows up the two-volume history of the American Revolution with a fascinating and engaging look at the young republic as Page Smith reveals all facets of the United States over four critical decades.

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Book Review: Where God and I Meet: The Sanctuary by Martin Probstle

Where God and I Meet: The Sanctuary by Martin T. Preobstle
My rating: 5 of 5 stars

The sanctuary is essential to the distinctive Adventist doctrine of the investigative judgment and from the beginning the sanctuary has been where God has come to meet with his creation first in Heaven then on Earth. Where God and I Meet: The Sanctuary is the supplemental book of the Adult Sabbath School Bible Study (4th Quarter 2013) by Martin Proebstle reveals God’s character and His plan of redemption through Jesus’ death. Through 144 pages divided into 13 chapters, Proebstle goes over the Heavenly Sanctuary, the various earthly sanctuaries (yes more than the Israelite tabernacle and Temples), the meanings of the sacrifices, the yearly Day of Atonement, and finally everything connected with the Investigative Judgment doctrine. This is a fascinating combination of Biblical history, a look at the plan of redemption, and finally how God had a plan to solve the sin problem from before it appeared.

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